Scarlet Letter Images

Joseph Gurke 10. 17. 2012 Ms. Boas P. 1 The Scarlet Letter Light, Dark, Sunlight and Shadows Throughout his entire life, Nathaniel Hawthorne had lived in seclusion from people and society, isolating himself and his thoughts behind a mysterious shade. This may explain why the themes of sin, secrecy and guilt are used in Hawthorne’s fiction, exploring hidden human dimensions.The images of sin, secrecy, and guilt are constantly portrayed in Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The Scarlet Letter, through the presence of recurring motifs of light and dark, sunlight and shadows; as these themes aid the reader's depiction of the separation between evil and goodness. Images of light are seen throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter. These images illuminate a character’s true intention and personality, yet at the same time, force a character to hide certain aspects of his personality while under the public eye.The view of Hester on the scaffold, when she is receiving her punishment for adulte ry in front of the public eye, the image of light illuminates her scarlet letter and sin; liberating Hester from public judgment and the pain of concealing sin, â€Å"Those who had before known her, and had expected to behold her dimmed and obscured by a disastrous cloud, were astonished, and even startled, to perceive how here beauty shown out, and made a halo of the misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped. † (49).The fact the Hester’s sin is known to all and that she is stands tall with her baby in her arms and the scarlet letter on her chest shows that she no longer needs to conceal anything from the public eye, â€Å"And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison. † (49). After being revealed to the public, Hester must now live in isolation with nature, self-reliance and non-conformity being the ethics in her life; yet having the relief of wearing sin on her chest. Sunlight is a naturally occurring light and one that reflects goodness and pureness in characters. It is a positive image, representing cleanliness and lack of sin in this novel. When in the forest with Pearl, the sunlight avoids Hester completely while she carries the scarlet letter on her chest, â€Å"Mother,† said little Pearl, â€Å"the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom. . . . It will not flee from me; for I wear nothing on my bosom yet! †(161).When she removes the letter, sunlight flows into the forest, bringing everything to light and removing any shadows present, â€Å"So speaking, she undid the clasps that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, through it to a distance among the withered leaves. † (191) â€Å"All at once, as with the sudden smile of heaven, forth burst the sunshine, pouring a very flood into the obscure forest, gladdening each green leaf, trans muting the yellow fallen ones to gold, and gleaming adown the grey trunks of the solemn trees. The objects that had made a shadow hitherto, embodied the brightness now. †(191).The sunlight represents cleanliness; washing sin, secrecy and guilt from characters, allowing them to feel a sense of freedom, â€Å"Her sex, her youth, and the whole richness of her beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (190). With the absence of the scarlet letter, sunlight floods the forest and surrounding area around Hester and Dimmesdale, removing any shadows, which represent evil and bondage, and with this flood of sunshine comes a new feeling of freedom for both, exactly what sunshine represents in the text, â€Å"And as if the gloom of the earth and the sky had been but the effluence of those two mortal hearts, it vanished with their sorrow. (190). Darkness is a constant theme in this novel, representing guilt, sin and secrecy, major themes that Nathaniel Hawthorne incorporates into his literature. Dimmesdale, Hester and Pearl meet on the scaffold, under the darkness of night and shadows, the only time that Dimmesdale can express his sin and evil, â€Å"Mr. Dimmesdale reached the spot where, now so long since, Hester Prynne had lived through her first hours of public ignominy. † (133).The scaffold shows the irony of Hester and Dimmesdale’s situation because Hester, in the daylight reveals her sin to the town and could be freed from the bondage of hiding sin, and now Dimmesdale, after seven years is revealing his sin on the scaffold to only Hester at night, still feeling the pain of bondage and concealment of this sin. It is the only time that Dimmesdale, Hester’s lover and Pearl’s father ever embraces them and can openly reveal his sin, but the darkness does not allow him to be free. The minister felt for the child’s other hand and took it. The moment that he did so, there came what seemed tumultuous rush of new life, other life than his own, pouring lik e a torrent into his heart, and hurrying through his veins, as if the mother and child were communicating their vital warmth to his half-torpid system. The three formed and electrical chain. † (142).This love that the minister feels frees him of his bondage and cleanses his soul for a moment in time, yet this moment is enveloped back by the surrounding darkness that takes all hope of escape from him. Hester experienced this escape on the same scaffold that they are on yet in the light that allowed her to live the rest of her life without this bondage to sin, that under darkness, the minister cannot be free. Light, dark, shadows and sunlight, are all motifs that Nathaniel Hawthorne uses to describe different types of emotions in the text.Light and its more natural form in sunlight reflect the goodness in characters and the ability to be free from bondage with nothing holding you back, no pain of concealing sin. While one the other hand darkness and shadows allow the characters to reflect their emotions and reveal sin, but under darkness these emotions and secrets will not reach anyone else and will keep characters like Dimmesdale in bondage and pain. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. Print.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Proposal Essay

Hazards exist in every workplace in many different forms: sharp edges, falling objects, flying sparks, chemicals, noise and other potentially dangerous situations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers protect their employees from workplace hazards that can cause injury. Controlling a hazard at its source is the best way to protect employees. Depending on the hazard or workplace conditions, OSHA recommends the use of engineering or work practice controls to manage or eliminate hazards to the greatest extent possible. For example, building a barrier between the hazard and the employees is an engineering control; changing the way in which employees perform their work is a work practice control. When engineering, work practice and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to their employees and ensure its use. Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as â€Å"PPE†, is equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of hazards. Examples of PPE include such items as gloves, foot and eye protection, protective hearing devices (earplugs, muffs) hard hats, respirators and full body suits. This guide will help both employers and employees do the following: Understand the types of PPE. Know the basics of conducting a â€Å"hazard assessment† of the workplace. Select appropriate PPE for a variety of circumstances. Understand what kind of training is needed in the proper use and care of PPE. The information in this guide is general in nature and does not address all workplace hazards or PPE requirements. The information, methods and procedures in this guide are based on the OSHA requirements for PPE as set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 29 CFR 1910. 132 (General requirements); 29 CFR 1910. 133 (Eye and face protection); 29 CFR 1910. 135 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1910. 136 (Foot protection); 29 CFR 1910. 137 (Electrical protective equipment); 29 CFR 1910. 138 (Hand protection); and regulations that cover the construction industry, at 29 CFR 1926. 95 (Criteria for personal protective equipment); 29 CFR 1926. 96 (Occupational foot protection); 29 CFR 1926. 100 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1926. 101 (Hearing protection); and 29 CFR 1926. 102 (Eye and face protection); and for the maritime industry at 29 CFR 1915. 152 (General requirements); 29 CFR 1915. 153 (Eye and face protection); 29 CFR 1915. 155 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1915. 156 (Foot protection); and 29 CFR 1915. 157 (Hand and body protection). OSHA requires the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective in reducing these exposures to acceptable levels. Employers are required to determine if PPE should be used to protect their workers. If PPE is to be used, a PPE program should be implemented. This program should address the hazards present; the selection, maintenance, and use of PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the program to ensure its ongoing effectiveness. PPE is addressed in specific standards for the general industry, shipyard employment, marine terminals, and long shoring . The Requirement for PPE To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment. In general, employers are responsible for: ? Performing a â€Å"hazard assessment† of the workplace to identify and control physical and health hazards. Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees. Training employees in the use and care of the PPE. Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE. Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program. In general, employees should: Properly wear PPE, Attend training sessions on PPE, Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE. Specific requirements for PPE are presented in many different OSHA standards, published in 29 CFR. Some standards require that employers provide PPE at no cost to the employee while others simply state that the employer must provide PPE. Appendix A at page 40 lists those standards that require the employer to provide PPE and those that require the employer to provide PPE at no cost to the employee. United States department of labor Secretary of Labor Thomas E. Perez

The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Five

Monday, June 8, 11:15 p.m. Dear Diary, I don't seem to be sleeping very well tonight, so I might as well write you. All day today I've been waiting for something to happen. You don't do a spell like that and have it work like that and then have nothing happen. But nothing has. I stayed home from school because Mom thought I should. She was upset about Matt and Meredith staying so late Sunday night, and she said I needed to get some rest. But every time I lie down I see Sue's face. Sue's dad did the eulogy at Elena's funeral. I wonder who's going to do it for Sue on Wednesday? I've got to stop thinking about things like this. Maybe I'll try to go to sleep again. Maybe if I lie down with my headphones on, I won't see Sue. Bonnie put the diary back in her nightstand drawer and took out her Walkman. She flipped through the channels as she stared at the ceiling with heavy eyes. Through the crackle and sputter of static a D.J.'s voice sounded in her ear. â€Å"And here's a golden oldie for all you fabulous fifties fans. ‘Goodnight Sweetheart' on the Vee Jay label by The Spaniels†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie drifted away on the music. The ice cream soda was strawberry, Bonnie's favorite. The jukebox was playing ‘Goodnight Sweetheart' and the counter was squeaky clean. But Elena, Bonnie decided, would never have really worn a poodle skirt. â€Å"No poodles,† she said, gesturing at it. Elena looked up from her hot fudge sundae. Her blond hair was pulled back in a ponytail. â€Å"Who thinks of these things anyway?† Bonnie asked. â€Å"You do, silly. I'm only visiting.† â€Å"Oh.† Bonnie took a pull at the soda. Dreams. There was a reason to be afraid of dreams, but she couldn't think of it just now. â€Å"I can't stay long,† Elena said. â€Å"I think he already knows I'm here. I just came to tell you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She frowned. Bonnie looked at her sympathetically. â€Å"Can't you remember either?† She drank more soda. It tasted odd. â€Å"I died too young, Bonnie. There was so much I was supposed to do, to accomplish. And now I have to help you.† â€Å"This isn't easy, you know. I don't have that much power. It's hard getting through, and it's hard keeping everything together.† â€Å"Gotta keep it together,† Bonnie agreed, nodding. She was feeling strangely lightheaded. What was in this soda? â€Å"I don't have much control, and things turn out strange somehow. He's doing it, I guess. He's always fighting me. He watches you. And every time we try to communicate, he comes.† â€Å"Okay.† The room was floating. â€Å"Bonnie, are you listening to me? He can use your fear against you. It's the way he gets in.† â€Å"Okay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But don't let him in. Tell everyone that. And tell Stefan†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena stopped and put a hand to her mouth. Something fell onto the hot fudge sundae. It was a tooth. â€Å"He's here.† Elena's voice was strange, indistinct. Bonnie stared at the tooth in mesmerized horror. It was lying in the middle of the whipped cream, among the slivered almonds. â€Å"Bonnie, tell Stefan†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Another tooth plunked down, and another. Elena sobbed, both her hands at her mouth now. Her eyes were terrified, helpless. â€Å"Bonnie, don't go†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But Bonnie was stumbling back. Everything was whirling around. The soda was bubbling out of the glass, but it wasn't soda; it was blood. Bright red and frothy, like something you coughed up when you died. Bonnie's stomach convulsed. â€Å"Tell Stefan I love him!† It was the voice of a toothless old woman, and it ended in hysterical sobs. Bonnie was glad to fall into darkness and forget everything. Bonnie nibbled at the end of her felt pen, her eyes on the clock, her mind on the calendar. Eight and a half more days of school to survive. And it looked as if every minute was going to be misery. Some guy had said it outright, backing away from her on the stairs. â€Å"No offense, but your friends keep turning up dead.† Bonnie had gone into the bathroom and cried. But now all she wanted was to be out of school, away from the tragic faces and accusing eyes-or worse, the pitying eyes. The principal had given a speech over the P.A. about â€Å"this new misfortune† and â€Å"this terrible loss,† and Bonnie had felt the eyes on her back as if they were boring holes there. When the bell rang, she was the first person out the door. But instead of going to her next class she went to the bathroom again, where she waited for the next bell. Then, once the halls were empty, she hurried toward the foreign language wing. She passed bulletins and banners for end-of-the-year events without glancing at them. What did SATs matter, what did graduation matter, what did anything matter anymore? They might all be dead by the end of the month. Oh, my God, I forgot how gorgeous he is, she thought. Elena, forgive me; I'm going to grab him. â€Å"Stefan!† she said. Then her mind wrenched her back into reality again and she cast a hunted look around. No one was in eyeshot. She grabbed his arm. â€Å"Are you crazy, showing up here? Are you nuts?† â€Å"I had to find you. I thought it was urgent.† â€Å"It is, but-† He looked so incongruous, standing there in the high school hallway. So exotic. Like a zebra in a flock of sheep. She started pushing him toward a broom closet. He wasn't going. And he was stronger than she was. â€Å"Bonnie, you said you'd talked to-â€Å" â€Å"You have to hide! I'll go get Matt and Meredith and bring them back here and then we can talk. But if anybody sees you, you're probably going to get lynched. There's been another murder.† Stefan's face changed, and he let her push him toward the closet. He started to say something, then clearly decided not to. â€Å"I'll wait,† he said simply. It took only a few minutes to find Matt in auto tech and Meredith in economics class. They hurried back to the broom closet and bustled Stefan out of school as inconspicuously as possible, which wasn't very. Someone's bound to have seen us, Bonnie thought. It all depends on who, and how much of a blab they are. â€Å"We have to get him someplace safe-not to any of our houses,† Meredith was saying. They were all walking as fast as they could through the high school parking lot. â€Å"Fine, but where? Wait a minute, what about the boarding house†¦ ?† Bonnie's voice trailed off. There was a little black car in the parking slot in front of her. An Italian car, sleek, svelte, and sexy looking. All the windows were tinted illegally dark; you couldn't even see inside. Then Bonnie made out the stallion emblem on the back. â€Å"Oh, my God† Three sets of eyes turned to him in shock. â€Å"Damon's?† Bonnie said, hearing the squeak in her own voice. She hoped Stefan meant Damon had just loaned it to him. But the car window was rolling down to reveal black hair as sleek and liquidy as the car's paint job, mirrored glasses, and a very white smile. â€Å"Buon giorno,† said Damon smoothly. â€Å"Anybody need a ride?† â€Å"Oh, my God,† Bonnie said again, faintly. But she didn't back away. Stefan was visibly impatient. â€Å"We'll head for the boarding house. You follow. Park behind the barn so nobody sees your car.† Meredith had to lead Bonnie away from the Ferrari. It wasn't that Bonnie liked Damon or that she was ever going to let him kiss her again as he had at Alaric's party. She knew he was dangerous; not as bad as Katherine had been, maybe, but bad. He'd killed wantonly, just for the fun of it. He'd killed Mr. Tanner, the history teacher, at the Haunted House fund-raiser last Halloween. He might kill again at any time. Maybe that was why Bonnie felt like a mouse staring at a shining black snake when she looked at him. In the privacy of Meredith's car Bonnie and Meredith exchanged glances. â€Å"Stefan shouldn't have brought him,† said Meredith. â€Å"Maybe he just came,† Bonnie offered. She didn't think Damon was the sort of person who got brought anywhere. â€Å"Why should he? Not to help us, that's for sure.† Matt said nothing. He didn't even seem to notice the tension in the car. He just stared through the windshield, lost in himself. The sky was clouding up. â€Å"Matt?† â€Å"Just leave it alone, Bonnie,† said Meredith. Wonderful, thought Bonnie, depression settling like a dark blanket over her. Matt and Stefan and Damon, all together, all thinking about Elena. They parked behind the old barn, next to the low black car. When they went inside, Stefan was standing alone. He turned and Bonnie saw that he'd taken off his sunglasses. The faintest chill went through her, just the lightest prickling of the hairs on her arms and neck. Stefan wasn't like any other guy she'd ever met. His eyes were so green; green as oak leaves in the spring. But just now they had shadows underneath. There was a moment of awkwardness; the three of them standing on one side and looking at Stefan without a word. No one seemed to know what to say. Then Meredith went over to him and took his hand. â€Å"You look tired,† she said. â€Å"I came as soon as I could.† He put an arm around her in a brief, almost hesitant hug. He never would have done that in the old days, Bonnie thought. He used to be so reserved. â€Å"I came as soon as I could.† He put an arm around her in a brief, almost hesitant hug. He never would have done that in the old days, Bonnie thought. He used to be so reserved. Stefan and Matt were looking at each other. Here we go, thought Bonnie. It was almost funny; the same expression was on both their faces. Hurt and tired, and trying not to show it. No matter what, Elena would always be between them. At last, Matt stuck out his hand and Stefan shook it. They both stepped back, looking glad to have it over with. â€Å"Where's Damon?† said Meredith. â€Å"Poking around. I thought we might want a few minutes without him.† â€Å"We want a few decades without him,† Bonnie said before she could stop herself, and Meredith said, â€Å"He can't be trusted, Stefan.† â€Å"I think you're wrong,† Stefan said quietly. â€Å"He can be a big help if he puts his mind to it.† â€Å"In between killing a few of the locals every other night?† Meredith said, her eyebrows up. â€Å"You shouldn't have brought him, Stefan.† â€Å"But he didn't.† The voice came from behind Bonnie, behind and frighteningly close. Bonnie jumped and made an instinctive lunge for Matt, who gripped her shoulder. Damon smiled briefly, just one corner of his mouth up. He'd taken off his sunglasses, but his eyes weren't green. They were black as the spaces between the stars. He's almost better looking than Stefan, Bonnie thought wildly, finding Matt's fingers and hanging on to them. â€Å"So she's yours now, is she?† Damon said to Matt casually. â€Å"No,† Matt said, but his grip on Bonnie didn't loosen. â€Å"Stefan didn't bring you?† prompted Meredith from the other side. Of all of them, she seemed least affected by Damon, least afraid of him, least susceptible to him. â€Å"No,† Damon said, still looking at Bonnie. He doesn't turn like other people, she thought. He goes on looking at whatever he wants no matter who's talking. â€Å"You did,† he said. â€Å"Me?† Bonnie shrank a little, uncertain who he meant. â€Å"You. You did the spell, didn't you?† â€Å"The†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Oh, hell. A picture blossomed in Bonnie's mind, of black hair on a white napkin. Her eyes went to Damon's hair, finer and straighter than Stefan's but just as dark. Obviously Matt had made a mistake in the sorting. They took seats on the decaying bales of hay, all except Damon, who remained standing. Stefan was leaning forward, hands on knees, looking at Bonnie. â€Å"You told me-you said that Elena spoke to you.† There was a perceptible pause before he got the name out. His face was tense with control. â€Å"Yes.† She managed a smile for him. â€Å"I had this dream, Stefan, this very strange dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She told him about it, and about what had happened after. It took a long time. Stefan listened intently, his green eyes flaring every time she mentioned Elena. When she told about the end of Caroline's party and how they had found Sue's body in the backyard, the blood drained from his face, but he said nothing. â€Å"The police came and said she was dead, but we knew that already,† Bonnie finished. â€Å"And they took Vickie away-poor Vickie was just raving. They wouldn't let us talk to her, and her mother hangs up if we call. Some people are even saying Vickie did it, which is insane. But they won't believe that Elena talked to us, so they won't believe anything she said.† â€Å"And what she said was ‘he,' † Meredith interrupted. â€Å"Several times. It's a man; someone with a lot of psychic power.† â€Å"And it was a man who grabbed my hand in the hallway,† said Bonnie. She told Stefan about her suspicion of Tyler, but as Meredith pointed out, Tyler didn't fit the rest of the description. He had neither the brains nor the psychic power to be the one Elena was warning them about. â€Å"What about Caroline?† Stefan asked. â€Å"Could she have seen anything?† â€Å"She was out front,† Meredith said. â€Å"She found the door and got out while we were all running. She heard the screams, but she was too frightened to go back in the house. And to be honest, I don't blame her.† â€Å"So nobody actually saw what happened except Vickie.† â€Å"No. And Vickie's not telling.† Bonnie picked up the story where she had left off. â€Å"Once we realized nobody would believe us, we remembered Elena's message about the summoning spell. We figured it must have been you she wanted to summon, because she thought you could do something to help. So†¦ can you?† â€Å"I can try,† Stefan said. He got up and walked a little distance away, turning his back on them. He stood like that in silence a while, unmoving. At last he turned back and looked Bonnie in the eyes. â€Å"Bonnie,† he said, quiet but intense, â€Å"in your dreams you actually spoke to Elena face to face. Do you think if you went into a trance you could do it again?† Bonnie was a little frightened by what she saw in his eyes. They were blazing emerald green in his pale face. All at once it was as if she could see behind the mask of control he wore. Underneath was so much pain, so much longing-so much of that intensity that she could hardly bear to look at it. â€Å"Then we'll do it. Right here, right now. And we'll see if you can take me with you.† Those eyes were mesmerizing, not with any hidden Power, but with the sheer force of his will. Bonnie wanted to do it for him-he made her want to do anything for him. But the memory of that last dream was too much. She couldn't face that horror again; she couldn't. â€Å"Stefan, it's too dangerous. I could be opening myself up to anything-and I'm scared. If that thing gets hold of my mind, I don't know what might happen. I can't, Stefan. Please. Even with a Ouija board, it's just inviting him to come.† For a moment she thought he was going to try to make her do it. His mouth tightened in an obstinate line, and his eyes blazed even brighter. But then, slowly, the fire died out of them. Bonnie felt her heart tear. â€Å"Stefan, I'm sorry,† she whispered. â€Å"We'll just have to do it on our own,† he said. The mask was back on, but his smile looked stiff, as if it hurt him. Then he spoke more briskly. â€Å"First we have to find out who this killer is, what he wants here. All we know now is that something evil has come to Fell's Church again.† â€Å"But why?† said Bonnie. â€Å"Why would anything evil just happen to pick here? Haven't we been through enough?† â€Å"It does seem a bit of a strange coincidence,† Meredith said drolly. â€Å"Why should we be so singularly blessed?† â€Å"It's not coincidence,† said Stefan. He got up and lifted his hands as if unsure how to start. â€Å"There are some places on this earth that are†¦ different,† he said. â€Å"That are full of psychic energy, either positive or negative, good or evil. Some of them have always been that way, like the Bermuda Triangle and Salisbury Plain, the place where they built Stonehenge. Others become that way, especially where a lot of blood has been shed.† He looked at Bonnie. â€Å"Unquiet spirits,† she whispered. â€Å"Yes. There was a battle here, wasn't there?† â€Å"In the Civil War,† Matt said. â€Å"That's how the church in the cemetery got ruined. It was a slaughter on both sides. Nobody won, but almost everyone who fought got killed. The woods are full of their graves.† â€Å"And the ground was soaked with blood. A place like that draws the supernatural to it. It draws evil to it. That's why Katherine was attracted to Fell's Church in the first place. I felt it too, when I first came here.† â€Å"And now something else has come,† Meredith said, perfectly serious for once. â€Å"But how are we supposed to fight it?† â€Å"We have to know what we're fighting first. I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But before he could finish, there was a creak and pale, dusty sunlight fell across the bales of hay. The barn door had opened. Mrs. Flowers, who owned the boarding house, smiled at them, her little black eyes crinkling into wrinkles. She was carrying a tray. â€Å"I thought you children might like something to drink while you're talking,† she said comfortably. Everyone exchanged disconcerted glances. How had she known they were out here? And how could she be so calm about it? â€Å"Here you go,† Mrs. Flowers continued. â€Å"This is grape juice, made from my own Concord grapes.† She put a paper cup beside Meredith, then Matt, then Bonnie. â€Å"And here are some gingersnap cookies. Fresh.† She held the plate around. Bonnie noticed she didn't offer any to Stefan or Damon. â€Å"You two can come round to the cellar if you like and try some of my blackberry wine,† she said to them, with what Bonnie would swear was a wink. Stefan took a deep, wary breath. â€Å"Uh, look, Mrs. Flowers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And your old room's just like you left it. Nobody's been up there since you went. You can use it when you want; it won't put me out a bit.† Stefan seemed at a loss for words. â€Å"Well-thank you. Thank you very much. But -â€Å" â€Å"If you're worried I'll say something to somebody, you can set your mind at ease. I don't tend to run off at the mouth. Never have, never will. How's that grape juice?† -turning suddenly on Bonnie. Bonnie hastily took a gulp. â€Å"Good,† she said truthfully. â€Å"When you finish, throw the cups in the trash. I like things kept tidy.† Mrs. Flowers cast a look about the barn, shaking her head and sighing. â€Å"Such a shame. Such a pretty girl.† She looked at Stefan piercingly with eyes like onyx beads. â€Å"You've got your work cut out for you this time, boy,† she said, and left, still shaking her head. â€Å"Well!† said Bonnie, staring after her, amazed. Everyone else just looked at each other blankly. † ‘Such a pretty girl'-but which?† said Mere-dith at last. â€Å"Sue or Elena?† Elena had actually spent a week or so in this very barn last winter-but Mrs. Flowers wasn't supposed to know that. â€Å"Did you say something to her about us?† Meredith asked Damon. â€Å"Not a word.† Damon seemed amused. â€Å"She's an old lady. She's batty.† â€Å"She's sharper than any of us gave her credit for,† Matt said. â€Å"When I think of the days we spent watching her potter around that basement-do you think she knew we were watching?† days we spent watching her potter around that basement-do you think she knew we were watching?† â€Å"And grape juice, don't forget that.† Matt grinned at Stefan. â€Å"Want some?† He proffered the leaky cup. â€Å"Yeah, you can take your grape juice and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But Stefan was almost smiling himself. For an instant Bonnie saw the two of them the way they used to be, before Elena had died. Friendly, warm, as comfortable together as she and Meredith were. A pang went through her. But Elena isn't dead, she thought. She's more here than ever. She's directing everything we say and do. Stefan had sobered again. â€Å"When Mrs. Flowers came in, I was about to say that we'd better get started. And I think we should start with Vickie.† â€Å"She won't see us,† Meredith replied instantly. â€Å"Her parents are keeping everyone away.† â€Å"Then we'll just have to bypass her parents,† Stefan said. â€Å"Are you coming with us, Damon?† â€Å"A visit to yet another pretty girl? I wouldn't miss it.† Bonnie turned to Stefan in alarm, but he spoke reassuringly as he guided her out of the barn. â€Å"It'll be all right. I'll keep an eye on him.† Bonnie hoped so.

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Law - Essay Example Apart from monitoring cease-fires,, United Nations is also involved in multilevel peace keeping operations that are usually resolved through political dialogues, and reconciliation. Due to varying global conditions and nature of conflicts, the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the Department of Field Support (DFS) have embarked on an improvement task, that is to set up a Peace Operations 2010, which is targeted at improving and rebinding the various planning, management and conduct of United Nations peacekeeping operations1. The continuum of contemporary peace keeping operations has developed into a progressively wide-ranging activity and comprises both United Nations – led peace operations, as well as those conducted by other actors, generally with the approval of the Security Council. The Charter of the United Nations The UN charter was signed, in San Francisco, on 26 June 1945 and is the groundwork document for all the activities and work under taken by the United Nations. The organization was set up â€Å"save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†. The main purpose behind the establishment of the United Nations is to secure global concord and safety. ... In fulfilling this responsibility, the Security Council may adopt an array of processes, including the formation of a United Nations peacekeeping operation2. Human Rights International human rights law is a vital portion of the normative agenda for United Nations negotiation procedures. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which arrays the keystone of international human rights principles, underlines that human rights and vital freedoms are common and assured to everyone. United Nations peacekeeping procedures must be directed in complete respect of human rights and ought to pursue advance human rights through the execution of their mandates. United Nations peacekeeping employees – whether military, police or citizen – must achieve in arrangement with global human rights rule and comprehend how the implementation of their tasks intersects with human rights. Peacekeeping workers would endeavor to confirm that they do not develop perpetrators of human rights misuses . They need to be capable to identify social rights violations or misuse, and be ready to reply suitably within the confines of their mandate and their proficiency. 3United Nations peacekeeping staffs ought to respect human rights in their relations with associates and with native people, both in their public and in their private lives. Where they commit cruelties, they should be held responsible. International Humanitarian Law International humanitarian law also called as â€Å"the law of war† or â€Å"the law of armed conflict,† limits the methods and approaches of armed encounter. Global humanitarian law is enclosed in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and two Additional Protocols of 1977, as well as in instructions regulating the means

Input and out put for the computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Input and out put for the computer - Essay Example Most prevalent input devices are the keyboard and the mouse. Keyboard is similar to the typewriter, it helps in typing in text, numbers, symbols, punctuation, letters etc. Pressing an enter key, sends the information to the processing device. Mouse is a pointing or clicking device that helps in locating and selecting the files at a faster pace. It has three buttons the left button helps in selecting the file or the folder or the icon on the desktop, a right button which when clicked displays the properties related to the file, while the middle is to scroll the page. Other input devices are scanner, light pen, joystick to play games, digital camera etc. The result or the outcome after the processing could be displayed by the output devices. The most prevalent output device is the monitor, it is like a TV screen and also called as VDU (Visual Display Unit). Whatever is typed through the keyboard can be seen on the monitor screen. The results of the input are being displayed on the monitor. This is called the soft copy as we can only read it and store the results. When the computer is switched off, results could not be retrieved therefore hard copy or the printouts are taken by another output device, the printer. Other input/output devices are the Floppy disk, CD-ROM, Pen drives etc. They also act as portable storage devices as they store the information from the computer and also provide the information to the

UK LAND LAW (question is in the instructions box) Essay

UK LAND LAW (question is in the instructions box) - Essay Example on relates to whether the lease transferred by Troy to Ai-Ai was in conformity or in breach of Lakshmis covenants in the initial lease agreement or not. The second issue relates to Troys position in the contract after the property is transferred to Ai-Ai. Is Troy bounded by his guarantee to check performances of new assignees or not. What is the position of the guarantee in relation to Lakshmi and can be held responsible for the actions of Ai-Ai and Boo? The third issue relates to the possibility of Ai-Ais transfer of the property to Boo. Is the extended holiday in Thailand tantamount to abandonment and is Boos usage of the property tantamount to an assignment? This is an issue because Ai-Ai does not have the right to assign the property without Lakshmis consent. Hence, there is a clear breach. But what are the legal implications? Can Lakshmi sue for forfeiture? The final pointer that will be examined is the legal position of Boos breaking down of the wall in the property to allow in more air. Alterations on the property is a covenant in the lease. Does Lakshmi have the right of forefeiture? And a possible request for damages? A leasehold covenant is a clause in a lease specifying specific obligations on the part of either party2. This include express terms about how things will occur and how the lease is to be regulated. An assignment occurs when a tenant transfers whole or part of his remaining interest in the property to someone else who is an assignee. An assignment is somewhat like a three tier arrangement between a landlord who hands over to the tenant who also hands over to an assignee. In some cases, leases forbid assignments because landlords do not want their property to be transferred to assignees they do not know3. However, in a case where the lease agreement forbids tenants from assignments, a tenant can transfer interest in the lease to another person with the consent of the landlord and this transferee becomes a sub-tenant4. When a tenant

Business communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Business communication - Essay Example The primary motive of this venture is to increase the customer trust and erase the fear from the passengers. This report has also evaluated a press release to convey the current activities to their stakeholders. Malaysian airline is the major airline operator of Malaysia whose primary hub is Kuala Lumpur International Airport (Strydom, 2005). This airlines company was established in the year of 1937 with twin engine and 8-seater aircrafts. Throughout the years, the airline has grown widely to fulfil the demand of consumers from all over the world (Malaysia Airlines, 2012). During the year of 2014, the company has experienced two major crashes which have degraded the global reputation and its financial condition (The New York Times, 2014). The organization therefore needs to put in strong efforts to design a strategic plan which will help them to rebuild their global reputation and financial position. This paper will carry out a situational analysis in order to evaluate the internal and external business environment of Malaysian Airline and to assess their capabilities, resources and customers. The SWOT analysis of Malaysian Airline System will help in understanding the external opportunities and threats as well as the internal strength and weaknesses of the organization. This analysis will provide further assistance to the organization to evaluate new market strategies (Piercy and Giles, 1989). The airline has faced a financial loss of around $170 million in the year of 2012 and 2013. This reduction in profit margin of the organization has adversely affected the sustainability of the organization. In the year of 2014, the Malaysian Airlines has faced two major mishaps such as the shot down of their MH17 aircraft and disappearance of the MH370 aircraft. These disasters have decreased the reputation of this airline in the global market (CAPA Centre for aviation, 2015). Political environment of various regions has a great

The public should legally be able to view the sex offender registry to Research Paper

The public should legally be able to view the sex offender registry to protect their family - Research Paper Example Sex offender registry is where the people who have been convicted of sexual offences are recorded. The records are normally held in police offices, courts or the sheriffs’ offices but are nowadays available in a national registry as well online in the National Sexual Offenders Public Registry. They are also available in the Federal Bureau of Investigation websites by county and state. Any individual can conduct a search of the sexual offenders by state, address, and name among other search criteria. The information on this registry is updated as frequently as the information is got from the sexual offender who has to be reporting to the nearest police station and update his or her information at least once every year. Debate has risen over the sex offender registry all around the country with some people advocating for its removal from public visibility while others want it to remain and even keep on being updated so that they can remain alert and aware of their neighbours and friends. The pros and cons of this debate are discussed below in detail and they include issues such as stigmatization, family breakups, trauma to children, living in fear and forever being regarded as a criminal for the cons. The pros of having a sex offender registry are: knowledge, caution, and self-protection, early prevention among others (Tofte and Jamie 46). The sex offenders’ registry remains to be among the greatest protection and prevention mechanism parents have against sex offenders and sex predators. Parents especially with younger children are better able to protect their children against sex offenders once they have a better knowledge of whom they are. Research has indicated that majority of the people who commit sex offences are not strangers but are family friends or neighbours (Maddan, 54). Having a registry where the parents can be able to verify whether their neighbours or family friends are sexual offenders is

Police corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Police corruption - Research Paper Example Police has been vested with enormous powers; these powers are essential for maintaining the rule of law. However these powers can also be the source of corruption as people are usually at the mercy of the police officers in many circumstances where they have been wronged. People who have been fighting for democracy and governance regard the issue of fighting police corruption with utmost importance. Police must not only serve the common man but should also be seen as serving the common man. This is essential if basic human rights have to be protected and people have to live in safe and secure environments. When people who have been entrusted with the task of protecting people, engage in corruption themselves it leads to cynicism and may erode public confidence in democracy. Police corruption is not a standalone issue. It is a function of larger systematic problem which is compounded by lack of transparency , absence of checks and balances and fragile institutions. Although the popular perception is always that police corruption is rampant and should be death with an iron hand it is not always possible to do this. The government and the judiciary have to always take sensitivities into account. This paper tries to find out the different kinds of police corruption that are prevalent and also tries to find out the solution to the problem through a systematic method. Understanding Police Corruption In very simple terms corruption may be defined as the use of public powers in order to get personal gains. Police corruption occurs at both the levels – on the streets and also behind the scenes in offices. Officers corruption range from petty corruption to collusion with criminals where the look the other way and do not perform their constitutional duties. The extreme end is when police officers themselves take part in criminal activities in order to have financial or other benefits. Police officers have been vested with enormous powers in order to enforce law. These include the powers to stop, question, search, arrest people and even use lethal force whenever circumstances deteriorate. The important thing is that police have extraordinary amount of discretion in the exercise of these powers which give ample avenues for corruption. Backroom corruption in the police department does not consist of the use of these powers but involves irregular a nd illegal practices in the award of contracts, receiving kickbacks for favorable appointments and transfers and negligence in investigations and discipline. This corruption is done by supervisors and senior officers and thus the amount of money involved is also large. We will analyze each of these cases of corruption in detail here. Petty Individual Corruption Whenever we talk about police corruption to a common man, the most common type of corruption which comes to our minds is traffic police corruption. This form of corruption may be limited din developed countries but is extremely prevalent in every developing country. Some countries are so notorious for traffic police corruption that whenever a person is stopped for police checking he assumes that he will have to cough up. Other forms of petty corruption include extorting regular payments from market vendors, asking people to pay money for

Hitler and Big Brother Essay Example for Free

Hitler and Big Brother Essay Some totalitarian regimes can be similar in some ways but also different in others. 1984 is a book that talks about a totalitarian regime that is ruled by big brother. We can find some similarities to this totalitarian regime with the regime of Adolf Hitler. They are both totalitarian regimes that are ruled by different leaders that can convince people to follow them so they can rule a population, and make people to be subordinated to them just by persuading them. So if you look to both totalitarian regimes you can find come similarity in how they ruled the population and what their idea was, but also can find a lot of differences between bot regimes. In the novel of 1984 the author writes about the society under the powerful and omniscient Big Brother. Is an story that show us the dangers of a totalitarian government. So in the book it shows how controlling Big Brother is and also shows that in the future it would be so much more. That means that in the future the danger would be bigger. This is a similarity that Big Brother has with Adolf Hitler; both are very controlling, Hitler controlled and watched all the time the Nazis and the Jews. Both leaders besides being very controller both are obsessed with power. So both leaders needed to have everyone in control of them, because they needed that. Hitler didn’t think twice about his actions, this relates to Big Brother because he was also quick to judge and didn’t give anyone second choice, you were or equal or dead. Influencing people at a young age is one tactic used by Hitler in Nazi Germany and by Big Brother in 1984 to keep the future of their nations devoted. This type of organization makes the young ones feel like they are involved in something important. Both Hitler and Big brother have ways of brain washing the youth mind so they start following them. The spies in 1984 and the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany grow up living the way that their dictator had set up and for the rest of their lives they will be faithful and devoted, and both dictator make them think that that way of living was the only one good for them, so for the rest of their lives they would think that was the only way of living. That is cruel because the youth don’t know what is going to happen, they don’t know if what they are doing is right or wrong. Both leaders chose youth to manipulate because is so much easier, because they still don’t know a lot of things. Hitler killed a lot of Jews during the Holocaust because he had prejudice against them. This can be related to Big brother because he had prejudice against intelligent people, and used a memory ship to erase their memory, that was his way of stopping intelligence people. Maybe this is not a similarity between them both because Big Brother didn’t kill that much people, but both have the same idea, stopping the people they had prejudice. Both leaders also use mass media to create heroic images about them. Hitler create a cult about himself by making he look god-like and infallibles. Both leaders transform their society in their revolutionary ideas using propagandas and techniques. Hitler and Big Brother presented themselves as god-like to gain the people appeal. They both are strong leaders that use their intelligence and their persuasive to play off peoples fear to gain more power.

Identify different types of cost that an organization would incur

Identify different types of cost that an organization would incur In management accounting there are several ways of classifying the different types of cost. These classifications depend according to the immediate need of management. I have classified different types of cost and have explained each of them below. Cost classification Cost elements Direct cost Direct materials Direct labor Direct expenses/ overheads Indirect cost Indirect materials Indirect labor Indirect expenses/ overheads Types of cost Fixed cost Variable cost Semi-variable Marginal cost Cost element A cost is incurred in purchase raw materials to producing finished goods, administrative, marketing and selling activities. These costs are normally classified by manufacturing companies as direct and indirect costs. Direct cost Direct costs are all those cost that are directly linked with the production of goods and services. The direct costs can be further divided into 3 main categories. Direct materials costs Direct Material is the initial material that goes into the final product and can be traced back to it from the finished product. E g: A company that manufactures note books will use papers, ink, stapler pins, machines and labors for producing books. Here the papers, ink and stapler pins are the direct material for this company. So any cost incurred in buying and handling of these raw materials can be taken under the direct raw material costs. Direct labor costs Direct labor cost is the cost of employees or workers directly involved in the production of goods or a service. E g: Fixed salary of a worker involved in the production line; that is in some part of production like cutting papers, binding papers etc. Direct expenses / overheads costs The cost of services which involved producing finished product or expenses included particular production. E g: Chargers for electricity usage for the machine used to make the note books in a book manufacturing company. Indirect costs Indirect costs are those that are not directly involved in the production of the good or services. These costs are essential part of producing the final product. The indirect can be further divided in to 3 main categories. Indirect material costs Indirect Material is not the initial material that goes into the final product and can be traced back to it from the finished product. It is the materials or tools that can make the production of goods or a service efficient and easier. E g: In a government factory, the sewing machines, printing machines etc. can be the indirect materials as these machines are not a part of the final product (clothes). Indirect labor cost Indirect labor cost is the cost of employees or workers not directly involved in the production of goods or a service. In other words it is the work or task done by a worker that does not produce any products but this service is necessary for the success of the finishing point of the production. E g: The wages of inspectors, store keeper, watchmen, machine maintenance etc. Indirect expenses/ overheads costs Indirect expenses are the expenses are not directly linked with the production of a good. These costs are charged to the final product. E g: Selling and administrative expenses, telephone expenses etc. Types of costs Cost can also be classified based on how frequent they react to production. Fixed cost Fixed cost is the cost that never changes over a period of time. And also it does not increase with the output of the firm. E g: Rent, wages of permanent workers etc. Variable cost Variable cost is the cost which sustain of the input that vary with the production level. These cost change in the short run. E g: cost of raw materials, wages paid for the worker of the production line. Semi variable cost Semi variable cost is composed of a mixture of fixed and variable elements. Therefore it also named as semi fixed cost. It is also referred to those cost that remain as a fixed cost until a particular level at which it becomes variable. E g: monthly rental for a phone may be charged with call charges. Here the rental is fixed as the call charges are variable. Explain with examples why different costing methods are used by organizations in the modern context. Costing methods are used by companies as means for pricing or stock valuation and to control business or to assist in managerial decision making. Costing methods are very important in accounting in order to make the right decision for the success of the organization. If the company failed to make the right decision at the right moment, it will be a reason for the drawback of the organization. Now let me show you some reasons why these methods are Applying in a business. To decide buying or making a product more profitable for the organization. To decide whether to accept or reject an order placed by a consumer. Make decisions of extending business to international level by doing business with foreign countries. To decide extra shifts or extra efforts in a production of a product or reducing production. To plan how much profit is needed or measure the capacity of the profit of the business. To decide whether to shut down the company if it is making continues loss or to try to improve the business if there any chance. A company starting out might use the break even concept to calculate and see at what level the company can start earning profits and at which level the company will be suffering a loss. To decide whether the current plant is working out or not and to decide if replacing the existing plant is going to be profitable for the company or not. To decide to star production of a new product or to stop the production of an existing product. Examples Costing for pricing and stock valuation Job costing This method for costing is followed where the costing is done separately for each product. Therefore job costing is mostly used in a situation where the products manufactured or service provided are based on a particular specification of the customer or many goods are made for costing done separately. The productions of these goods are higher due to the fact that they are orders placed by customers. E g: Job costing used in construction industry because the constructions based on the orders placed by the customers. Here the costs are calculated separately for each building. Batch costing Batch costing means all the fixed and variable cost which is incurred when producing a batch or a set of products. Here a number of products are taken as a single job in total. The unit cost of a batch of products can be calculated by dividing the batch cost by the number of units produced. E g: A shoe manufacturing company may produce 100000 products per month. These 100000 products may be labeled as a batch at that particular date and cost is calculated for the entire batch taking all products as a single job. Contract or terminal costing Contract costing is also similar to job costing. It is usually connect with site based work, by the requirement s of the customers undertaken and relatively long duration. E g: Company involved in the construction industry may use this method as individual customers place different contracts which last for several years or accounting periods. Process costing Process costing is found where the product go through various stages as it goes to the finished product. Products which are made by combining different parts of the final product are also including the process costing method. The following is terms are also used under process costing. Operation costing Single or output costing E g: A finished computer passes through various processes. First of all are made separately and they are fixed together in the final progress. For this product the costing is calculated based on the process. Operation costing or service costing Operation costing method is used by companies which does not have a specified finish product as the output like the service industry. E g: Service of a lecture Departmental costing Here the costing of the products is based on the departments at which they are produced. Costs of products are calculated as how cost and at which department. E g: News papers are made at different departments. Multiple costing or composite costing Multiple costing applied to calculate the cost for the products which have a very complex production. For these kinds of products one costing method may not be enough. Therefore they use several costing methods in calculating. E g:- Products like vehicles, airplanes etc. the total cost is based upon a mixture of sub prices calculated in the job costing and service costing etc. Control and managerial decision making Activity based costing It is the attribution of costs to cost units based on the benefits received from indirect activities. E g: Cost of quality controls is spread among the units produced and each contains a part of this expense. Historical costing Historical costing is ascertaining costs after it have been incurred so that costs can be compared over different period. Direct costing All direct costs are charged to the finish product and all indirect products are charged to profit and loss. Absorption costing Here both variable and fixed costs are taken as a total cost and charged on the product. Marginal costing In this costing method the variable costs are taken rather than the full cost of production and total fixed costs are deducted to get the profit or loss. Collect production details from any organization that produced three products, analyze and present these data. Propose the terms productivity, efficiency and effectiveness and evaluate its impact on any selected organization. Explain the terms productivity, efficiency and effectiveness and evaluate its impact on any selected organization. The modern environment to managing a company specifies that productivity, efficiency and effectiveness are important for the success of the organization and also for the survival among the competitors in the business field. This is based on the fact that one company which is not concerned with these matters is actually on a worthless path and may easily lead the company to come to an end of business. Productivity Productivity is a measure of output from a production process, per unit of input. It is fairly similar to efficiency as productivity also measures the same as efficiency. However productivity is an outcome from the sum of effectiveness and efficiency or by the way of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency productivity also increase. There are two way to measure the productivity of a company as I shown below. Productivity = Output Input Productivity = Value of output / time In the above formulae the time can be many different factors such as energy, resources etc. And the value of output is the defined quality of output by the organization. Productivity = Output > Amount of achieved goals > Effectiveness. Inputs > Amount utilized resources > Efficiency. However enhanced productivity always defines rather value of an organization as follows: Can restrict the waste of resources. Company always can sustain the increasing demand. Company easily can faces to the competition of the market. Employee development also increases. Manufacturing quality increases. Production cost can get low and purchase prizes can restricted. Net profit increases. There are five ways that can helps to enhance the productivity as I have shown below. Enhancing the output, when the inputs keeping as stet. Output keeping as stet, when as the input decreasing. Enhancing the output, when as the input decreasing. Enhancing output rather than enhancing inputs. Decreasing inputs rather than decreasing inputs. Efficiency Efficiency is dong the thing right. In other words contribute the resources by minimum wasting to achieve the organizational goals and objectives or the way to utilize the resources to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. Efficiency is closely related to the productivity. E g: A company that produces shoes could be said efficient if it uses up all the resources in order to output as much products or services. It company reaches criteria it could be labeled as an efficient company. Efficiency = total output/ total input. Now let me evaluate its impact on ABC Company and XYZ Company E g: Company ABC produce 50 tables in 10 days and company XYZ produce tables in 120 tables in 20 days. Based on the above calculations we can identify that the company XYZ is more efficient as it is able to produce 6 tables per day compared to company ABC which can only produce 5 products per day. Effectiveness Effectiveness is doing the things right. In other words achieving the appropriate objectives in the given period or deciding the right things. Therefore effectiveness is the liability of the company to achieve the set targets and objectives. Effectiveness is measured by output in terms of the set target by the company. E g: A company is producing mobile phones. The company wants to earn a minimum of $100000 profits in one month and has set a target of producing 5000 mobile phones in order to achieve the profit. And after a month the company is able to make 6000 mobile phones. Effectiveness = 6000/5000 Effectiveness = 1.2 However Effectiveness and Efficiency always expresses the relativity between each others to the Management as follows: How it is done? In the wrong way, in the right way, Ineffectiveness Inefficient Effectiveness but Ineffectiveness [Die fast] [Die Slow] Effectiveness but Inefficient Efficient Effective = Management [Survive] [Strive for success] The best approach for a company would be a mix of both efficiency and effectiveness. This is because without effectiveness an efficient company will eventually meet the wrong conclusions and without efficiency an effective company cannot gain the maximum profits or may be in loss. By having the perfect mix of these a company can save time and stress to gain more profits. Explain in detail the principles of Quality Value and how it is implemented in organizations. An introduction to quality management Quality control can be traced back to a very long time ago in craftsmanship and at the time of building the pyramids. Here a master craft man looks after all the craft to see whether they satisfy the necessary quality needed. It was then used in all aspects of arts to make sure a good end product is made to satisfy the customers. This concept changed as US introduced assembly lines in production by dividing the product into interchangeable parts. Later the Japanese have adapted quality management in their business and defined quality management as a continuous improvement (which never ends). What is quality? Quality is the ongoing process of building and sustaining relationships by assessing, anticipating and fulfilling stated and implied needs. There are several ways of measuring quality and different people view quality in relation to different criteria. It can be a measure of excellence where the product is free from all kinds of defects. Quality can also be how much the company, product or service is able to satisfy the customers or how much they meet the customer expectations. It maybe also a measure set by the company for a characteristic such as how much heavy, light, soft, tall, Thick or thin etc. Reducing waste created in the production process or using the waste in creation of other goods. The quality also is how uniform the end products are, with as minimum differences possible. Quality management Quality Management ensures the customer confidence and better efficiency within company. Therefore allow the company to better compete with the others in the business field. It involves several stages Quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. Quality control is a way of ensuring that finished products are reliable, suitable and money-wise best to meet a specification determined by the company. Quality control involves certain tests performed at the end to determine whether the product meets the set quality. Basically quality control is marinating the quality within certain limits. Quality assurance is ensuring that the products exceed the customer expectations. Quality assurance is more process oriented while the quality control is more concerned with the product. Basically quality assurance is making sure that all the end products are free of defects. PDCA (Plan Do Check Act) is an effective method for monitoring quality assurance. Quality improvement is an approach where ongoing process is analyzed and systematic efforts are put to improve it. It focuses on areas like:- In industry: product failures or work-related injuries etc. In administration: increasing efficiency or reducing re-works etc. In medical practice: reducing medical errors and needless deaths etc. Principles of quality for any organization Create constancy of purpose towards improvement. Replace short-term reaction with long-term planning. Adopt the new philosophy. The implication is that management should actually adopt his philosophy, rather than merely expect the workforce to do so. Cease dependence on inspection. If variety is reduced, there is no need to inspect manufactured items for defects, because there wont be any. Move towards a single supplier for any one item. Multiple suppliers mean variation between feedstock. Improve constantly and forever. Constantly strive to reduce variation. Institute training on the job. If people are inadequately trained, they will not all work the same way, and this will introduce variation. Institute leadership. Deming makes a distinction between leadership and mere supervision. The latter is quota-and target-based. Drive out fear. Deming sees management by fear as counter-productive in the long term, because it prevents workers from acting in the organizations best interests. What is value? Value means extent to which a good or service is perceived by its customers to meet his or her needs or want, measured by customers willingness to pay for it. It commonly depends more on the customers perception of the worth of the product than on its intrinsic value. Principle of value for any organization Anticipation: the anticipated future benefits to be derived from the property. Balance: the equilibrium reached in a free market when complementary used of neighboring property permit maximum value for individual properties and the neighborhood. Change: the continuing effects of economic, social, and governmental forces on the property and its environment, resulting in continuous change in market value which must be anticipated. Competition: the tendency of a highly profitable use to be duplicated by others until an excess supply of similar goods and services reduces profitability, and thus value. Conformity: the creation of maximum market value through a reasonable degree of similarity of property use, appearance, and owner demographics. Consistent use: the requirement to value all aspects of a property: land, improvements, and personal property on the basis of a single class of usage at any given point in time. Identify and asses potential improvement tools and techniques that modern organization use. Many improvements can be brought to organizations by using tools and techniques. Quality experts have introduced many different theories which can help an organization in identifying and assessing potential improvements. Demings 14 points summarized Create constancy of purpose towards improvement replace short term reaction with long term planning. Adopt the new philosophy similarly by management and workers. Stop depending on inspection- if variant is reduced; there is no need of inspection because there are no any items for defects. Choose quality suppliers over low cost suppliers to minimize variation in raw materials and supply. Improve constantly to reduce variation in all aspects e.g.:- planning, production, and service. Set up training on the job to reduce radiation for managers and workers in how job is done. Leadership not supervision to motivate people and get the best output from them not just to meet the targets. Drive out fear encourage two way communications and make interest for employees to work in the organization. Break down internal barriers internal departments have to work together as internal customers. Eliminate slogans processes make mistakes not people. Management harassment of workers will create bad relations if no effort made to improve processes. Eliminate management by objectives management by objectives encourages law quality goods. Remove barriers to satisfy workers including annual appraisals. Encourage self improvement and education for everyone. Everyone is responsible for continual improvement in quality and productivity. (W. Edwards Deming Total Quality Management Demings 14 points. Mftrou.com management for the rest of us. Cited on July 27, 2010.) http://www.mftrou.com/edwards-deming.html. The Deming cycle (PDCA cycle) The Deming cycle is a process which includes four stages. It is mainly used for solving problems in business. The Deming cycle also called as PDCA cycle. PDCA stands for: Plan Do Study (check) Act Plan identify an opportunity and plan a change. Do test the change and take steps in control. Study study the results. Act take action based on what you learned in the study step. If you are not satisfied with the change, start going through the cycle from the beginning with a different plan and if you are successful take action to improve the process. Six Sigma Six sigma is a data- driving method for quality improvement. It finds and eliminates the defects in production process by focusing on outputs. It focuses on customer satisfaction and outcome results by reducing variation and waste. Therefore it applies anywhere variation and waste exist. There are two sub methodologies of Six Sigma. That is six sigma DMAIC and six sigma DMADV. Six sigma DMAIC is an improvement system for improving an existing process by analyzing the defects in the end products and eliminating them. Define Define the project goals and customer (internal and external) deliverables Measure Measure the process to determine current performance Analyze Analyze and determine the root cause(s) of the defects Improve Improve the process by eliminating defects Control Control future process performance Six sigma DMADV is an improvement system used to develop new process or product at six sigma level quality. Define Define the project goals and customer (internal and external) deliverables Measure Measure and determine customer needs and specifications Analyze Analyze the process options to meet the customer needs Design Design (detailed) the process to meet the customer needs Verify Verify the design performance and ability to meet customer needs Kaizen This is the Japanese word for continuous improvement to the manufacturing of organizations. Kaizen goals are established each year as part of the planning process thats how Kaizen costing involved to process. This strategy involves everyone in the organization working together to make improvements focusing on eliminating waste on all process starting with the workplace. It relies on human resources rather than capital investments. Kaizen principles Human resource is the most valuable company assets. Process must be evolved by gradual improvement rather. Improvement must be based on evaluation of process perform. Five elements (foundation) of Kaizen Teamwork. Personal discipline. Improved morale. Quality circles. Suggestions for improvement. Tools for mapping processes Flowcharts Flowchart represents a process which consists of many different types of steps. Flowchart divides the huge process into small tasks in an order. Mostly flow charts can be used to analyze a process and to divide a process into different stages. With the intention of that, many can involve in particular stage. A flow chart is made up of different shapes drawn for different events and all the events are joined together by arrows from start to end. Work flow diagram Workflow diagrams are very similar to flow charts. Graphical picture of steps taken, time spent, and distance traveled and other aspects of the way a particular piece of work is done. Workflow diagram is suitable for showing the over view of a business process. Value added flowchart The value-added flow chart also known as value stream map. It is a method to improve cycle times and productivity by visually separating value-adding from non-value-adding activities. Tools for ideas generation and seeing connections Cause and effect diagram (fish-bone diagram) Cause and effect diagram was invented by Kaoru Ishikawa. Therefore is also called as the Ishikawa diagram. Cause and effect diagram is also called as fish bone diagram because a completed diagram can look like a skeleton of a fish. It is a diagram which makes out all the causes or inputs that result in an effect or output. This method combines the brain storming with a type of a concept map. Causes are arranged according to their importance. This helps to identify sub causes and check where a problem might be caused and helps to compare the importance of different causes. And also fish bone diagram can help in systematic analyzing of the problem. Brainstorming Brainstorming invented by Alex Osborn who is the founder of the Creative Education Foundation. This is a powerful tool that creates ideas, solves problems, motivates and develops teams. In brainstorming mostly members from a mixed group, joins together for a brain storming session. The brain storming session is held mostly in an open space where members can feel free to express their ideas. All the members keep adding their opinions on a particular topic and also on other ideas provided by members. At the end of a brain storming session the whole problem will be recognized and solved as necessary. Relations diagram Relationship diagrams show all the relationship between factors or areas of a process. It helps to identify the key areas which may be driving several other factors. As an alternative of a process shown in a chain, this diagram shows the areas of the process which have effects on other areas and links them all. Therefore you can find which the areas that have the most impact. Tools for data collection and analysis Histogram It is used to graphically summarize and show an allocation of a process data set. It is built by dividing the data into different classes or bins in the x-axis and identifying their frequency in the y-axis. As u can see in the figure 6 a histogram looks like a bar graph. But its frequency is taken depending on class width which can vary unlike in a bar graph. Scatter gram A scatter diagram is a tool for evaluating the relationship between two variables where one variable is plotted in the horizontal axis and other variable is plotted in the vertical axis. It can be used to identify whether or not a cause and effect relationship exists between the two variables. In a scatter diagram higher relations are shown with close points or points along a curve or line. And in case the relationship is low or no relationship is shown with points scattered throughout the diagram with no logical sequence. Control chart Control charts also called as statistical process control are a type of chart that is used to control the quality or to manage the quality within a certain level. It identifies the quality of a process and displays them in the form of a line graph with set upper and lower limits. It can also have a center or middle line for average. These lines are created based on the historical data. The control chart identifies how the process changes over time and records them in the time order. Pareto analysis Pareto analysis technique which helps you chooses the most effective change. The 80-20 theory was first introduced by an Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto. His theory was adapted to business application by Joseph M. Juran. Pareto chart is a tool for visualizing the Pareto principal which states that a small set of problems affecting a common outcome tends to occur much more frequently than the remainder. A Pareto chart can be used to decide which problems to be solved first and which needs more attention. Prepare forecasts and budgets for business. Explain in detail the purpose the nature of the budgeting process for an organization like The Shovel Company. What is a budget? A budget is a master financial plan. Once a firm has identified customer needs changes through estimating, it needs to decide if it can be met profitably. A budget is a plan expressed in dollar amounts that acts as a road map to carry out an organizations objectives, strategies and assumptions. The budget plans the future incomes and expenses. It is the process in which the company decides on how to spend to achieve their set objectives. Having a budget is very important for a company in order to make the most effective decision. Each department in the organization will have a separate budget for their operations. When all these budgets join together we call it a master budget. Master budget give the overview of what the company wants to achieve and how to achieve for the next decided time period. The decisions which taken without a master budget do not contribute to the profit

Genetic Polydactyly Disorder

Genetic Polydactyly Disorder Genetic Disorders Project Polydactyly Polydactyly is a common genetic disorder. It is a when someone with this disorder has an abnormal case of extra digits on their hands and / or feet. This disorder is usually found on the external side of the body. It is not common to be in the inter part of a body. Anyone can have polydactyly, such as animals or humans. There are a couple of ways to treat this disorder. The treatment is usually required for people that are concerned with their extra digits. Also, polydactyly is similar to the other genetic disorder, syndactyly. This genetic disorder affects many people. Polydactyly in the toes, especially the little toe, is a common malformation. It occurs in approximately two in 1,000 births and almost thirty percent of every child with polydactyly have relatives or family members with a particular type of polydactyly, or even syndactyly. Polydactyly refers to having extra digits in the hand and / or feet, extra fingers/ toes, and maybe even thumbs. This disorder is not sex linked and it can affect both males and females, although, males are more commonly affected. It is a dominant gene which means that if a child has a one parent with the trait and the gene, there is a 50% chance that the child will inherit it from the parent. It is sometimes a serious disorder but does not affect life span. You can have treatment for it but there is no prevention for this disorder. The treatment would to be to have a surgical procedure and have it taken off, as your own decision. The surgery for polydactyly is recommended, so if someone that is polydactyl decides to have the surgical procedure done, they usually would do it in their early years such as in there first 3 years at the most. If the parents or guardians decide not to have surgery, the child will most likely have to get used to the fact that they have extra fingers and re alize its ability to adapt to it. If a child has a minor case of polydactyly, the doctor will probably tie it at its base to prevent the flow of blood and the digit will just fall off. A surgeon or doctor would probably recommend having it removed at the first appointment you have scheduled. There are different forms of this genetically related disorder. Some different forms are a small and extra bump on the affected side of the hand. The finger might also be widened. At the end of the fingertips, an extra finger may dangle by a thin and narrow cord, from the hand. And another form or type of polydactyly is when the hand, in which looks very normal except for possibly one extra digit, such as a thumb, and maybe five extra fingers. There are an infinite number of variations for this disorder. Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertius (1698-1759) was the person that discovered polydactyly. He explained that the disorder can be found and inherited by the mother or the father. He demonstrated the trait as the result of mutation and provided the first accurate record of the transmission of a dominant trait in humans. It is a dominant trait in some communities. As a group, polydactyly affects mostly African Americans in a community. There are many causes for polydactyly. The causes are sometimes very bad and harmful. Of the many causes, some are rare and some are common. These are some causes: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (chondroectodermal dysplasia) Carpenter syndrome Trisomy 13 Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome Smith-Lemli-Opitz Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Yet these causes are not very well known, but, they can be difficult to deal with or handle. Polydactyly occurs in many people and in different types of people. Polydactyly occurs in one out of a thousand births. Usually right after a birth, the doctor or pediatrician suggests that the baby has the extra digit (toe or finger / thumb) surgically taken or removed off. This disorder results and takes place more in males. They are more commonly affected than females are. Also, African Americans are affected more by this disorder. Polydactyly and another genetic disorder called Syndactyly are closely related. To their extent, there are many similarities between the two genetic disorders. Polydactyly starts out as a paddle and then divides or splits into fingers very carefully. Since polydactyly strikes an appearance and arises, extra fingers are formed and created in a different way. In result of syndactyly, the same process is in occurrence and the only dissimilarity is that webbed fingers consequently resolute as an outcome. Webbed fingers are hard to control and cope with. It is hard to get a good grip and hold numerous objects or items. There are many symptoms of polydactyly and being diagnosed with the disorder. The symptoms consist of having more than normal number of digits of either the hand or foot, or having more than five on each hand or foot. The symptoms of polydactyly are: More toes than normal More fingers than normal Extra digit on hand Extra digit on foot Polydactyly is a common trait among cats. It seems that mostly Celtic cats and cats on part of Americas Eastern coast and South West Britain are diagnosed with polydactyly. This makes them polydactyl cats, such as humans that have polydactyly because they are polydactyl humans. Also, natural selection takes place in polydactyly in which it is in ordered form and not by random.

Childhood, Politics, and Satire in The Child in Time Essay -- The Chil

Childhood, Politics, and Satire in The Child in Time    For most children there is a strong desire never to grow up. This ‘Peter Pan’ complex has a large impact on most children and therefore very many adults later in life. Many of the images in The Child in Time are related to this desire, and the title is possibly directly related to the concept.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate is the first example of this eternal youth. She is not killed by any significant event - she does not succumb to a disease nor is she struck my an unfortunate accident - instead, during what would be a completely standard and banal trip to the supermarket she is abducted. There is not really a feeling that she has been lost for a reason; she disappears without notice or any provocation. Kate achieves this dream - the desire to be a child always, and it is as she, where others had not been so fortunate, had managed to wish hard enough to allow childhood to surrounded her so completely that she could not be touched by the exterior world. Kate becomes a child forever, as the title suggests, she exists as much, or more, as a ‘child in time’ as an actual person, living and growing. To Stephen she will always be the child she was when he last saw her, and her only growth can be achieved by superimposing on her personality a ste reotyped caricature of what a child her age would be - a child hoping for a walkie-talkie set for her birthday - without her own eccentricities, or personal characteristics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Stephen tries to recapture Kate, in the scene in the primary school, he too is overwhelmed by childhood. Without thinking he is drawn into a lesson and becomes a stereotyped student until he is able to break out of this strange reality and return to ... ...f Nuclear apocalypse without moving, except for another drink. He does seem actively very eager not to address his unhappiness at Kate’s abduction, even to the lengths that he takes up Arabic and Tennis. Both Tennis and Arabic, however, seem associated with youth - tennis as a game played whilst still young, and active - though Stephen finds he is not really active enough to play; and Arabic, which he views as to be learnt in a very scholastic manner - he calls his tutor be his surname, and does not speak to him about anything but the lesson at hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McEwan portrays childhood as a very powerful and important force, and The Child In Time focuses on someone for whom this is especially potent. He seems to try to highlight different views of childhood, through time and between political theories, using The Child In Time as a reasonable successful satire.

The Causes of Substance Abuse Essay -- Drug Addiction Essays

Substance abuse is an issue that has disseminated in the society and is often regarded as the relic of a thoughtless materialism. A false belief regarding addicted individuals seems to be ingrained in the minds of the majority of the population (Sadava, 1987). This belief is very often accompanied by appalling mental images of addicts and a highly judgmental attitude (Sadava, 1987). As a result, the causes of addiction are still wrapped in obscurity. This paper aims to outline the most basic reasons that lead to substance abuse and dependency, from the early developmental stage until late adolescence. First of all, when a child-bearing woman is using drugs, the substances are being transferred to the foetus through the umbilical cord (Bashmore, Ketchum, Staisch, Barrett, & Zimmermann, 1981). As a consequence, the foetus experiences the same physical symptoms as its mother, such as blood intoxication and spasms (Bashmore et al, 1981; Kreek, Nielsen, Butelmann, & LaForge, 2005). Substance abuse during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, heart defects and low birth weight (Bashmore et al., 1981), as well as behavioral problems and addiction proneness for the offspring (Bashmore et al., 1981; JÃ ªdrzejczak, 2005). More specifically, substance abuse during pregnancy can elicit a series of chemical reactions in the developing brain of the foetus (Kreek et al., 2005). As a result, in the future life of the offspring, an environmental or a psychological stimulus may be enough to lead to substance abuse (Kreek et al., 2005). The experiences an individual has during his or her childhood are considered equally important prognosticators for using drugs. Witnessing a parent or a caretaker abusing substances is considered as an ... ...r and public policy. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Sihvola, E., Rose, R. J., Dick, D. M., Pulkkinen, L., Marttunen, M., & Kaprio, J. (2008). Early onset depressive disorders predict the use of addictive substances in adolescence: A prospective study of adolescent Finnish twins. Addiction, 103(12), 2045-2053. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02363.x Spooner, C. (1999). Causes and correlates of adolescent drug abuse and implications for treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, 18(4), 453-475. doi:10.1080/09595239996329 van Dalen, A. (2001). Juvenile violence and addiction: Tangled roots in childhood trauma. Journal of Social Work Practice in The Addictions, 1(1), 25-40. doi:10.1300/J160v01n01_04 Zimić, J., & Jukić, V. (2012). Familial risk factors favoring drug addiction onset. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 173-185. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.685408

Ethics in the Workplace Essay

In 1995 Douglas Durand went to work for Tap Pharmaceuticals as vice- president of sales. Several months after starting at Tap Pharmaceuticals, Durand was in disbelief to find out that the company was bribing urologists to purchase the new Lupron drug for prostate cancer. Durand found the culture at Tap Pharmaceuticals to be in misalignment. In order for Durand to protect his good name, he began to document all his findings over a 6 year period and submitting the information to federal prosecutors. The documentation that Durand submitted to the federal prosecutors was so overwhelming that it caused Tap Pharmaceuticals to plead guilty to conspiring with doctors and cheating the government. As result of the guilty plead, Tap Pharmaceuticals paid a staggering $875 million dollar fine, which Durand received 14% of the settlement for his efforts to remedy the situation. The symptoms found in the Tap Pharmaceuticals case are primarily driven by numbers and monetary rewards. The more the top sales reps could sale or distribute the bigger the monetary reward. Durand tried to institute a more structured environment to help remedy some of the illegal practices he encountered. Many of the sales reps at Tap Pharmaceuticals did not accurately track the samples of Lupron given out to doctors. Durand offered a year salary to sales reps to help the company keep accurate records of distribution of the drugs offered. It worked until upper management shut down the bonus program, furthermore; the reps settled back into their old ways. Symptoms of dishonesty, unethical behavior, inadequate record keeping, crooked doctors, and a complete disregard for laws and regulations set forth by the government are derived from the root cause of poor upper management found at Tap Pharmaceuticals. The root cause and unresolved issues that Durand encountered at Tap Pharmaceuticals are a direct result of the monetary driven culture created by then president Yasu Hasegawa and senior management. Durand found that when he tried to implement new policies or practices that Hasegawa and the sales reps were not interested, or he was undermined by senior management. Tap pharmaceuticals primary sales niche was to bribe and payoff the people who prescribed the drugs offered by purchasing televisions, vacations, and  office equipment. The unethical practices are a direct result of a lack of unethical leadership and ethical standards and practices not being in place. Tap Pharmaceuticals did not have a hose counsel to help keep practices ethical and meet government requirements because it was thought to be a sales-prevention department. Durand eventually found himself excluded from marketing and sales meetings and told that he just did not understand the culture. The lack of ethical leadership in the company is the root of the problem found at Tap Pharmaceuticals and left all the issues that Durand found unresolved. Analyze and evaluate alternatives. Decide on the most valid alternative, and make recommendations. When thinking of alternatives, people think of other options that may apply in order to have a different outcome than the current outcome. When Durand was offered the position as Vice President of Sales with Tap Pharmaceuticals, he had no idea what he was getting involved with. All he saw was a potential for a promotion in an industry where he had already served his time and made a name for himself. Durand has a couple alternatives in this ethical situation. He could have kept his mouth shut and adhered to Tap Pharmaceuticals’ policies and procedures and unethical practices. The outcome to this alternative could have proven to be very poor for Durand. If Durand continued to allow Tap Pharmaceuticals to conduct business in the sales department as they always had in the past, eventually, the federal government would have caught on to the unethical practices and levied fines against Tap Pharmaceuticals and Mr. Durand. He could have even been prosecuted for the practices he witnessed at Tap Pharmaceuticals. When employees are directed to blatantly break the law in order to keep sales up and to give out medicine samples without charging for them, there is a huge ethical problem. Tap Pharmaceuticals instructed the doctors to charge Medicare for the samples even though they never paid for them in the first place. It seemed as if Tap Pharmaceuticals planned to break every law of the trade in order to make the most money in the least amount of time. This alternative would not work for Mr. Durand. He had a steady head on his  shoulders and would not stand for the unethical practices he had witnessed. But what would he do about the problem? This question would later come into play when Mr. Durand was faced with a tough decision. A second alternative Mr. Durand had was to leave Tap Pharmaceuticals with a resignation. But a resignation would land him and his family out on the streets. He did not want to jeopardize his family’s lifestyle and affect the way his children would grow up. After all, Mr. Durand did leave a well paying job with a huge medical pharmaceutical company. This alternative would be even worse than staying with Tap Pharmaceuticals and pretending nothing wrong was going on. He had to support his family and to Mr. Durand this was the most important issue to handle. If Mr. Durand resigned from Tap Pharmaceuticals, he would have to start all over again and work his way back up the corporate ladder as he did 20 years before with Merck & Co. Mr. Durand had very few options or avenues to take in his ethical dilemma. He was virtually stuck â€Å"between a rock and a hard place.† He truly made the perfect decision when he decided to file suit against Tap Pharmaceuticals. This was the best possible option he could have used. First, Tap Pharmaceuticals was breaking the law and if they continued to practice unethical business, they could have hurt someone or continued to defraud the United States government and Medicare. Since Mr. Durand was familiar with the practices of the pharmaceutical industry, he had no other choice but to blow the whistle on Tap Pharmaceuticals. TAP Pharmaceuticals, a physician, and 7 employees of TAP Pharmaceuticals were charged and indicted for bribing physicians with kickbacks to use the drug Lupron. The federal grand jury also found them guilty of Medicare fraud, and violation of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act. PSA-Rising (2001) states,The seven individuals charged in the indictment unsealed today are:Alan Mackenzie age 49, of 27068 Wellington Court, Barrington, Illinois, andformerly Vice President of Sales for TAP, Janice Swirski, age 40, of 6 BellinghamDrive, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and formerly a National Account Manager with TAP,Henry Van Mourick, age 43, of 23 Golfwood Court, Roseville, California, andcurrently a District Manager employed by TAP,  Donna Tom, age 37, of 141 East 56thStreet, New York, New York, and formerly a District Manager employed by TAP,Kimberlee Chase, age 35, of 108 Dedham Street, Dover, Massachusetts, and formerly aDistrict Manager employed by TAP, David Guido, age 30, of 131 New London Road,Colchester, Connecticut, and currently a Hospital Account Executive employed by TAP, DR. John Romano, age 48, of 110 Long Pond Road, Plymouth, Massachusetts, an urologistwith a practice in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Four other physicians’ were indicted before the above indictment. TAP Pharmaceuticals bribed urologists to use the drug Lupron by giving them big screen televisions, golf vacations, and free sample of Lupron. The sales representatives also gave the physician’s free samples of Lupron and told the physicians to bill Medicare for full price. Durand tried to change different aspects of how Tap Pharmaceuticals was run, but all to no avail. Whenever he implemented a new structural change, the employees would try it for a short while and return to the way they had done things in the past. Accurate bookkeeping was a logical idea to put into action. This would tell exactly how much each rep gave out to doctors and pharmacies as samples for them to try out. The old way never showed how much they were paid for each sample given because there was no way to know how many had been given out. Whenever new ideas are put into effect, it still takes people to uphold these new rules and regulations. When Yasu Hasegawa failed to show any sort of business ethics, why would any of his employees? A good leader will lead by example. When people follow someone he/she want to emulate his/her actions, not just his/her words. By having a person with little moral fiber lead the company, it allowed some that might have been on the fence about the situation to fall to the same side. Durand’s cultural change effort failed because senior management and older sales reps refused to change the company for the better. They had been doing things their way for too long and the payoff incentive was too great. The shady business practices were much easier than trying to keep records of exactly how many samples were given out and who all had been bought. When  the president of the company would not even change his ways on how he dealt with his business, how could his employees be expected to change as well? In a business that deals with healthcare, the most important aspect should always be the patients. Since nobody truly cared about them and all the employees concerns were with lining their own pockets, the business ended up being sued for quite a large amount of money. The only way for Durand’s changes to succeed, would be if there were a total overhaul of management. The company would need to basically start over in order to weed out all the bad eggs. That would take a great deal of time, not to mention a great deal of money. Even though Durand became a whistle-blower on Tap Pharmaceuticals and the company was fined, there are sure to be employees who were guilty but not indicted. In TAP Pharmaceuticals there was an attitude of a misalignment of culture. The profit driven only environment provided no ethical leadership. Upper management including the CEO, who set the tone of weak unethical leadership, held no interest in change. TAP had no formal cultural system. The bottom line was the only factor and how profits were obtained was of little concern. When Durand attempted to make positive changes to the system through a â€Å"Reward System,† upper management put a stop to it even tough it was working and labeled him a trouble maker. TAP was not interested in positive ethical change. The gifts to urologists and doctors TAP pharmaceuticals participated in set an unethical culture. ConclusionIn the end Tap received one of the largest fines in the pharmaceutical industry and the job of rebuilding its image and reorganizing its business practices. Seven of its senior management team received heavy financial and judicial penalties for their part in the Lupron scandal. Douglas Durand in the end had to start over in a new less lucrative position, furthermore; he did receive a large settlement from the federal government under the Whistle-Blowers Act and currently retired and living in Florida. References: Barrett, A. (2002, June 24). A Whistle-Blower Rocks an Industry. Business Week. RetrievedJune 19, 2007, from http://www.fairness.com/resources/relation?relation_id=9650Nelson, K., & Trevino, L. (2004). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do itright (3rd ed.) . New York: Wiley. PSA Rising (October 3, 2001). TAP Pharmaceuticals Products Inc. and Seven Others ChargedWith Health Care Crimes; Company Agrees to Pay $875 Million to Settle Charges. RetrievedJune 22, 2007 from http://www.psa-rising.com/wiredbird/tap102001.php